Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 4, Number 1, February 2011, pages 1-8

Community-Based Appraisal of the Effects of Parenteral Nutrition Versus Enteral Nutrition on the Quality of Care for Patients With Acute Pancreatitis

**Table 1.** Patient Characteristics, Care Process and Resource Use Among Study Nutritional Approach (%)
	PN only	EN only	PN + EN	P
PN, parenreral nutrition; EN, enetral nutrition; a, cases of preceding TPN; SD, standard deviation; AP, acute pancreatitis; JPN score, the severity scoring system determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan.
†: Compared by analysis of variance. Other variables were compared by chi-square test.
Overall		1191	330	282 (242^a)
Number of hospitals (community, academic)	370, 53	135, 21	116, 30
Age	Mean, [SD]	60.8 [17.3]	58.5 [19.0]	58.9 [16.6]	0.366^†
	40 - 64 years	495 (41.6)	129 (39.1)	115 (40.8)	0.263
	≥ 65 years	531 (44.6)	140 (42.4)	119 (42.2)
Gender
	Male	793 (66.6)	229 (69.4)	208 (73.8)	0.059
Ambulance
	Used	426 (35.8)	104 (31.5)	122 (43.3)	0.009
Outcome
	Mortality	94 (7.9)	6 (1.8)	28 (9.9)	< 0.001
JPN score
	Mild AP	225 (18.9)	103 (31.2)	29 (10.3)	< 0.001
	Moderate AP	279 (23.4)	77 (23.3)	35 (12.4)
	Severe AP 1	564 (47.4)	130 (39.4)	152 (53.9)
	Severe AP 2	85 (7.1)	14 (4.2)	46 (16.3)
	Extremely severe AP	38 (3.2)	6 (1.8)	20 (7.1)
Charlson comorbidity index
	1	290 (24.3)	80 (24.2)	70 (24.8)	0.141
	2	88 (7.4)	29 (8.8)	37 (13.1)
	3	42 (3.5)	8 (2.4)	8 (2.8)
	≥ 4	13 (1.1)	6 (1.8)	3 (1.1)
Complication
	Overall	65 (5.5)	6 (1.8)	26 (9.2)	0.009
	Recurrent AP	12 (1.0)	1 (0.3)	8 (2.8)
	Bowel obstruction	26 (2.2)	3 (0.9)	9 (3.2)
	Relapsing peritonitis/intraabdominal abcess	17 (1.4)	1 (0.3)	5 (1.8)
Hospital category
	Academic	196 (16.5)	51 (15.5)	63 (22.3)	0.008
Protease inhibitor
	Overall	1173 (98.5)	318 (96.4)	280 (99.3)	0.012
	Camostat mesilate	527 (44.2)	156 (47.3)	138 (48.9)
	Gabexate mesilate	903 (75.8)	170 (51.5)	191 (67.7)
	Nafamostat mesilate	534 (44.8)	167 (50.6)	188 (66.7)
	Octreotide acetate	44 (3.7)	12 (3.6)	24 (8.5)
	Ulinastatin	605 (50.8)	162 (49.1)	185 (65.6)
Enteral nutrition
	Use within 2 days	0 (0.0)	14 (4.2)	12 (4.3)
	Use after 3 days	0 (0.0)	316 (95.8)	270 (95.7)
Ventilation
	Present	90 (7.6)	11 (3.3)	52 (18.4)	< 0.001
Hemodialysis
	Present	102 (8.6)	17 (5.2)	47 (16.7)	< 0.001
Surgical procedures for the biliary tract
	Present	217 (18.2)	53 (16.1)	58 (20.6)	0.354
Surgical procedures for the pancreas
	Present	51 (4.3)	1 (0.3)	28 (9.9)	< 0.001
Oral food intake
	Present	1095 (91.9)	317 (96.1)	264 (93.6)	0.031
Commencement day of oral food intake (days)
	Mean days [SD]	16.4 [14.0]	10.9 [8.3]	21.2 [17.2]	< 0.001^†
Length of hospital stay (days)
	Mean [SD]	36.5 [25.7]	26.8 [19.6]	56.9 [34.3]	< 0.001^†
Total charge (Euros)
	Mean [SD]	13,725 [12,360]	9,755 [10,962]	27,316 [23,363]	< 0.001^†

Table 1. Patient Characteristics, Care Process and Resource Use Among Study Nutritional Approach (%)

PN only

EN only

PN + EN

PN, parenreral nutrition; EN, enetral nutrition; a, cases of preceding TPN; SD, standard deviation; AP, acute pancreatitis; JPN score, the severity scoring system determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan.

†: Compared by analysis of variance. Other variables were compared by chi-square test.

Overall

1191

330

282 (242^a)

Number of hospitals (community, academic)

370, 53

135, 21

116, 30

Age

Mean, [SD]

60.8 [17.3]

58.5 [19.0]

58.9 [16.6]

0.366^†

40 - 64 years

495 (41.6)

129 (39.1)

115 (40.8)

0.263

≥ 65 years

531 (44.6)

140 (42.4)

119 (42.2)

Gender

Male

793 (66.6)

229 (69.4)

208 (73.8)

0.059

Ambulance

Used

426 (35.8)

104 (31.5)

122 (43.3)

0.009

Outcome

Mortality

94 (7.9)

6 (1.8)

28 (9.9)

< 0.001

JPN score

Mild AP

225 (18.9)

103 (31.2)

29 (10.3)

< 0.001

Moderate AP

279 (23.4)

77 (23.3)

35 (12.4)

Severe AP 1

564 (47.4)

130 (39.4)

152 (53.9)

Severe AP 2

85 (7.1)

14 (4.2)

46 (16.3)

Extremely severe AP

38 (3.2)

6 (1.8)

20 (7.1)

Charlson comorbidity index

290 (24.3)

80 (24.2)

70 (24.8)

0.141

88 (7.4)

29 (8.8)

37 (13.1)

42 (3.5)

8 (2.4)

8 (2.8)

≥ 4

13 (1.1)

6 (1.8)

3 (1.1)

Complication

Overall

65 (5.5)

6 (1.8)

26 (9.2)

0.009

Recurrent AP

12 (1.0)

1 (0.3)

8 (2.8)

Bowel obstruction

26 (2.2)

3 (0.9)

9 (3.2)

Relapsing peritonitis/intraabdominal abcess

17 (1.4)

1 (0.3)

5 (1.8)

Hospital category

Academic

196 (16.5)

51 (15.5)

63 (22.3)

0.008

Protease inhibitor

Overall

1173 (98.5)

318 (96.4)

280 (99.3)

0.012

Camostat mesilate

527 (44.2)

156 (47.3)

138 (48.9)

Gabexate mesilate

903 (75.8)

170 (51.5)

191 (67.7)

Nafamostat mesilate

534 (44.8)

167 (50.6)

188 (66.7)

Octreotide acetate

44 (3.7)

12 (3.6)

24 (8.5)

Ulinastatin

605 (50.8)

162 (49.1)

185 (65.6)

Enteral nutrition

Use within 2 days

0 (0.0)

14 (4.2)

12 (4.3)

Use after 3 days

0 (0.0)

316 (95.8)

270 (95.7)

Ventilation

Present

90 (7.6)

11 (3.3)

52 (18.4)

< 0.001

Hemodialysis

Present

102 (8.6)

17 (5.2)

47 (16.7)

< 0.001

Surgical procedures for the biliary tract

Present

217 (18.2)

53 (16.1)

58 (20.6)

0.354

Surgical procedures for the pancreas

Present

51 (4.3)

1 (0.3)

28 (9.9)

< 0.001

Oral food intake

Present

1095 (91.9)

317 (96.1)

264 (93.6)

0.031

Commencement day of oral food intake (days)

Mean days [SD]

16.4 [14.0]

10.9 [8.3]

21.2 [17.2]

< 0.001^†

Length of hospital stay (days)

Mean [SD]

36.5 [25.7]

26.8 [19.6]

56.9 [34.3]

< 0.001^†

Total charge (Euros)

Mean [SD]

13,725 [12,360]

9,755 [10,962]

27,316 [23,363]

< 0.001^†

**Table 2.** Variables Associated With Indication of Enteral Nutrition
		Odds ratio	[95% CI]
CI, confidence interval; AP, acute pancreatitis; JPN score, the severity scoring system determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan.
Age (for 15 - 40 years)
	40 - 64 years	0.750	[0.528 - 1.065]
	≥ 65 years	0.806	[0.564 - 1.152]
Gender
	Male	1.113	[0.846 - 1.465]
Ambulance
	Used	0.909	[0.697 - 1.184]
JPN score (for mild AP)
	Moderate AP	0.605	[0.430 - 0.852]
	Severe AP 1	0.446	[0.330 - 0.604]
	Severe AP 2	0.273	[0.149 - 0.501]
	Extreme severe AP	0.281	[0.116 - 0.680]
Charlson comorbidity index (for zero)
	1	0.985	[0.736 - 1.318]
	2	1.098	[0.704 - 1.714]
	3	0.689	[0.318 - 1.493]
	≥ 4	1.782	[0.669 - 4.743]
Surgical procedures for the biliary tract
	Present	0.234	[0.008 - 6.595]
Surgical procedures for the pancreas
	Present	0.059	[0.008 - 0.430]
Teaching status (for community)
	Academic	0.889	[0.634 - 1.246]
Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of model fit	0.202

Table 2. Variables Associated With Indication of Enteral Nutrition

Odds ratio

[95% CI]

CI, confidence interval; AP, acute pancreatitis; JPN score, the severity scoring system determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan.

Age (for 15 - 40 years)

40 - 64 years

0.750

[0.528 - 1.065]

≥ 65 years

0.806

[0.564 - 1.152]

Gender

Male

1.113

[0.846 - 1.465]

Ambulance

Used

0.909

[0.697 - 1.184]

JPN score (for mild AP)

Moderate AP

0.605

[0.430 - 0.852]

Severe AP 1

0.446

[0.330 - 0.604]

Severe AP 2

0.273

[0.149 - 0.501]

Extreme severe AP

0.281

[0.116 - 0.680]

Charlson comorbidity index (for zero)

0.985

[0.736 - 1.318]

1.098

[0.704 - 1.714]

0.689

[0.318 - 1.493]

≥ 4

1.782

[0.669 - 4.743]

Surgical procedures for the biliary tract

Present

0.234

[0.008 - 6.595]

Surgical procedures for the pancreas

Present

0.059

[0.008 - 0.430]

Teaching status (for community)

Academic

0.889

[0.634 - 1.246]

Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of model fit

0.202

**Table 3.** Patient Characteristics, Care Process and Resource Use Among Study Nutritional Approach on the Propensity Score Matching Cohorts (%)
	PN only	EN only	PN + EN	P
PN, parenreral nutrition; EN, enetral nutrition; a, cases of preceding TPN; SD, standard deviation; AP, acute pancreatitis; JPN score, the severity scoring system determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan.
†: Compared by analysis of variance. Other variables were compared by chi-square test.
Overall	298	330	112 (72^a)
Number of hospitals (community, academic)	147, 15	135, 21	48, 15
Age	Mean, [SD]	59.4 [17.8]	58.5 [19.0]	56.6 [16.7]	0.001^†
	40 - 64 years	125 (41.9)	129 (39.1)	50 (44.6)	0.592
	≥ 65 years	124 (41.6)	140 (42.4)	39 (34.8)
Gender
	Male	201 (67.4)	229 (69.4)	86 (76.8)	0.183
Ambulance
	Used	83 (27.9)	104 (31.5)	49 (43.8)	0.009
Outcome
	Mortality	18 (6.0)	6 (1.8)	12 (10.7)	< 0.001
JPN score
	Mild AP	91 (30.5)	103 (31.2)	16 (14.3)	< 0.001
	Moderate AP	77 (25.8)	77 (23.3)	15 (13.4)
	Severe AP 1	110 (36.9)	130 (39.4)	63 (56.3)
	Severe AP 2	16 (5.4)	14 (4.2)	14 (12.5)
	Extremely severe AP	4 (1.3)	6 (1.8)	4 (3.6)
Charlson comorbidity index
	1	86 (28.9)	80 (24.2)	35 (31.3)	0.394
	2	22 (7.4)	29 (8.8)	15 (13.4)
	3	7 (2.3)	8 (2.4)	4 (3.6)
	≥ 4	7 (2.3)	6 (1.8)	2 (1.8)
Complication
	Overall	13 (4.4)	6 (1.8)	9 (8.0)	< 0.001
	Recurrent AP	3 (1.0)	1 (0.3)	3 (2.7)
	Bowel obstruction	6 (2.0)	3 (0.9)	3 (2.7)
	Relapsing peritonitis/intraabdominal abcess	3 (1.0)	1 (0.3)	4 (3.6)
Hospital category
	Academic	27 (9.1)	51 (15.5)	22 (19.6)	< 0.001
Protease inhibitor
	Overall	290 (97.3)	318 (96.4)	111 (99.1)	0.313
	Camostat mesilate	136 (45.6)	156 (47.3)	57 (50.9)
	Gabexate mesilate	219 (73.5)	170 (51.5)	71 (63.4)
	Nafamostat mesilate	130 (43.6)	167 (50.6)	81 (72.3)
	Octreotide acetate	4 (1.3)	12 (3.6)	7 (6.3)
	Ulinastatin	146 (49.0)	162 (49.1)	72 (64.3)
Enteral nutrition
	Use within 2 days	0 (0.0)	14 (4.2)	10 (8.9)
	Use after 3 days	0 (0.0)	316 (95.8)	102 (91.1)
Ventilation
	Present	15 (5.0)	11 (3.3)	16 (14.3)	< 0.001
Hemodialysis
	Present	22 (7.4)	17 (5.2)	19 (17.0)	< 0.001
Surgical procedures for the biliary tract
	Present	54 (18.1)	53 (16.1)	19 (17.0)	0.790
Surgical procedures for the pancreas
	Present	4 (1.3)	1 (0.3)	7 (6.3)	< 0.001
Oral food intake
		280 (94.0)	317 (96.1)	107 (95.5)	0.463
Commencement day of oral food intake (days)
	Mean days [SD]	14.5 [9.7]	10.9 [8.3]	18.5 [17.9]	< 0.001^†
Length of hospital stay (days)
	Mean [SD]	36.0 [24.4]	26.8 [19.6]	53.6 [36.8]	< 0.001^†
Total charge (Euros)
	Mean [SD]	12,298 [8,510]	9,755 [10,962]	25,311 [20,158]	< 0.001^†

Table 3. Patient Characteristics, Care Process and Resource Use Among Study Nutritional Approach on the Propensity Score Matching Cohorts (%)

PN only

EN only

PN + EN

†: Compared by analysis of variance. Other variables were compared by chi-square test.

Overall

298

330

112 (72^a)

Number of hospitals (community, academic)

147, 15

135, 21

48, 15

Age

Mean, [SD]

59.4 [17.8]

58.5 [19.0]

56.6 [16.7]

0.001^†

40 - 64 years

125 (41.9)

129 (39.1)

50 (44.6)

0.592

≥ 65 years

124 (41.6)

140 (42.4)

39 (34.8)

Gender

Male

201 (67.4)

229 (69.4)

86 (76.8)

0.183

Ambulance

Used

83 (27.9)

104 (31.5)

49 (43.8)

0.009

Outcome

Mortality

18 (6.0)

6 (1.8)

12 (10.7)

< 0.001

JPN score

Mild AP

91 (30.5)

103 (31.2)

16 (14.3)

< 0.001

Moderate AP

77 (25.8)

77 (23.3)

15 (13.4)

Severe AP 1

110 (36.9)

130 (39.4)

63 (56.3)

Severe AP 2

16 (5.4)

14 (4.2)

14 (12.5)

Extremely severe AP

4 (1.3)

6 (1.8)

4 (3.6)

Charlson comorbidity index

86 (28.9)

80 (24.2)

35 (31.3)

0.394

22 (7.4)

29 (8.8)

15 (13.4)

7 (2.3)

8 (2.4)

4 (3.6)

≥ 4

7 (2.3)

6 (1.8)

2 (1.8)

Complication

Overall

13 (4.4)

6 (1.8)

9 (8.0)

< 0.001

Recurrent AP

3 (1.0)

1 (0.3)

3 (2.7)

Bowel obstruction

6 (2.0)

3 (0.9)

3 (2.7)

Relapsing peritonitis/intraabdominal abcess

3 (1.0)

1 (0.3)

4 (3.6)

Hospital category

Academic

27 (9.1)

51 (15.5)

22 (19.6)

< 0.001

Protease inhibitor

Overall

290 (97.3)

318 (96.4)

111 (99.1)

0.313

Camostat mesilate

136 (45.6)

156 (47.3)

57 (50.9)

Gabexate mesilate

219 (73.5)

170 (51.5)

71 (63.4)

Nafamostat mesilate

130 (43.6)

167 (50.6)

81 (72.3)

Octreotide acetate

4 (1.3)

12 (3.6)

7 (6.3)

Ulinastatin

146 (49.0)

162 (49.1)

72 (64.3)

Enteral nutrition

Use within 2 days

0 (0.0)

14 (4.2)

10 (8.9)

Use after 3 days

0 (0.0)

316 (95.8)

102 (91.1)

Ventilation

Present

15 (5.0)

11 (3.3)

16 (14.3)

< 0.001

Hemodialysis

Present

22 (7.4)

17 (5.2)

19 (17.0)

< 0.001

Surgical procedures for the biliary tract

Present

54 (18.1)

53 (16.1)

19 (17.0)

0.790

Surgical procedures for the pancreas

Present

4 (1.3)

1 (0.3)

7 (6.3)

< 0.001

Oral food intake

280 (94.0)

317 (96.1)

107 (95.5)

0.463

Commencement day of oral food intake (days)

Mean days [SD]

14.5 [9.7]

10.9 [8.3]

18.5 [17.9]

< 0.001^†

Length of hospital stay (days)

Mean [SD]

36.0 [24.4]

26.8 [19.6]

53.6 [36.8]

< 0.001^†

Total charge (Euros)

Mean [SD]

12,298 [8,510]

9,755 [10,962]

25,311 [20,158]

< 0.001^†

**Table 4.** Variables Associated With Mortality, Resource Use and Commencement Day of Oral Food Intake
	Mortality	Length of hospital stay (days)	Total charge (Euros)	Commencement day of oral food intake (days)
^**protease was absent in cases that survived. CI, confidence interval; PN, parenreral nutrition; AP, acute pancreatitis; JPN score, the severity scoring system determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. Model fitness was measured in “a” by Hosmer Lemeshow, and in “b” by Akaike information criteria.
Intercept				16.0	[4.1 - 27.9]	2,278	[-2,762 - 7,319]	7.5	[2.4 - 12.7]
Age (for 15 - 40 years)
	40 - 64 years	1.048	[0.278 - 3.950]	4.8	[-0.3 - 9.8]	-602	[-2,746 - 1,543]	0.2	[-2.1 - 2.4]
	65 - years	3.240	[0.905 - 11.601]	1.5	[-3.4 - 6.3]	-58	[-2,106 - 1,990]	1.4	[-0.8 - 3.5]
Gender
	Male	1.800	[0.727 - 4.457]	-3.9	[-7.8 - 0.0]	-856	[-2,493 - 782]	-0.6	[-2.3 - 1.1]
Ambulance
	Used	1.422	[0.647 - 3.128]	-1.9	[-5.7 - 2.0]	413	[-1,212 - 2,038]	-2.0	[-3.7 - -0.3]
JPN score (for mild AP)
	Moderate AP	0.452	[0.121 - 1.687]	-0.2	[-5.0 - 4.6]	-321	[-2,355 - 1,713]	1.5	[-0.7 - 3.6]
	Severe AP 1	0.885	[0.334 - 2.343]	3.0	[-1.3 - 7.4]	2,130	[285 - 3,975]	2.1	[0.2 - 4.1]
	Severe AP 2	2.162	[0.590 - 7.927]	10.3	[2.4 - 18.3]	8,209	[4,847 - 11,571]	6.1	[2.5 - 9.7]
	Extremely severe AP	1.654	[0.281 - 9.750]	18.0	[4.9 - 31.1]	14,931	[9,400 - 20,461]	9.3	[3.2 - 15.4]
Charlson comorbidity index (for zero)
	1	1.047	[0.290 - 16.624]	3.1	[-0.8 - 7.1]	771	[-901 - 2,442]	-0.5	[-2.3 - 1.3]
	2	2.411	[0.393 - 12.869]	4.2	[-2.0 - 10.4]	2,475	[-140 - 5,090]	-1.0	[-3.7 - 1.7]
	3	2.248	[0.836 - 6.952]	-0.3	[-11.1 - 10.6]	-880	[-5,465 - 3,704]	-2.0	[-6.7 - 2.7]
	≥ 4	2.195	[0.412 - 2.659]	4.2	[-8.2 - 16.6]	807	[-4,424 - 6,038]	-0.4	[-6.0 - 5.2]
Surgical procedures for the biliary tract
	Present	2.348	[0.988 - 5.581]	9.3	[4.6 - 13.9]	5,073	[3,113 - 7,034]	2.1	[0.0 - 4.2]
Surgical procedures for the pancreas
	Present	0.570	[0.051 - 6.357]	48.0	[33.9 - 62.1]	19,740	[13,785 - 25,694]	28.9	[22.4 - 35.3]
Protease inhibitor
	Present	**		8.7	[-2.0 - 19.4]	5,149	[639 - 9,659]	2.8	[-1.8 - 7.4]
PN
	Present	2.353	[1.051 - 5.268]	7.5	[4.0 - 11.1]	2,400	[902 - 3,897]	2.3	[0.7 - 3.9]
Ventilation
	Present	2.240	[0.832 - 6.030]	1.9	[-6.4 - 10.3]	12,522	[8,991 - 16,053]	1.5	[-2.2 - 5.2]
Hemodialysis
	Present	7.979	[2.615 - 24.350]	16.6	[9.6 - 23.7]	14,666	[11,702 - 17,630]	2.5	[-0.6 - 5.7]
Complication
	Present	0.929	[0.173 - 4.984]	15.0	[5.9 - 24.0]	5,924	[2,106 - 9,742]	-0.1	[-4.2 - 4.0]
Teaching status (for community)
	Academic	0.899	[0.291 - 2.780]	-1.2	[-6.9 - 4.6]	1,210	[-1,206 - 3,626]	0.4	[-2.1 - 2.9]
Goodness of model fit	0.667^a	6809.3^b	15757.2^b	5304.8^b

Table 4. Variables Associated With Mortality, Resource Use and Commencement Day of Oral Food Intake

Mortality

Length of hospital stay (days)

Total charge (Euros)

Commencement day of oral food intake (days)

Odds ratio

[95% CI]

Estimation

[95% CI]

Estimation

[95% CI]

Estimation

[95% CI]

^**protease was absent in cases that survived. CI, confidence interval; PN, parenreral nutrition; AP, acute pancreatitis; JPN score, the severity scoring system determined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. Model fitness was measured in “a” by Hosmer Lemeshow, and in “b” by Akaike information criteria.

Intercept

16.0

[4.1 - 27.9]

2,278

[-2,762 - 7,319]

7.5

[2.4 - 12.7]

Age (for 15 - 40 years)

40 - 64 years

1.048

[0.278 - 3.950]

4.8

[-0.3 - 9.8]

-602

[-2,746 - 1,543]

0.2

[-2.1 - 2.4]

65 - years

3.240

[0.905 - 11.601]

1.5

[-3.4 - 6.3]

-58

[-2,106 - 1,990]

1.4

[-0.8 - 3.5]

Gender

Male

1.800

[0.727 - 4.457]

-3.9

[-7.8 - 0.0]

-856

[-2,493 - 782]

-0.6

[-2.3 - 1.1]

Ambulance

Used

1.422

[0.647 - 3.128]

-1.9

[-5.7 - 2.0]

413

[-1,212 - 2,038]

-2.0

[-3.7 - -0.3]

JPN score (for mild AP)

Moderate AP

0.452

[0.121 - 1.687]

-0.2

[-5.0 - 4.6]

-321

[-2,355 - 1,713]

1.5

[-0.7 - 3.6]

Severe AP 1

0.885

[0.334 - 2.343]

3.0

[-1.3 - 7.4]

2,130

[285 - 3,975]

2.1

[0.2 - 4.1]

Severe AP 2

2.162

[0.590 - 7.927]

10.3

[2.4 - 18.3]

8,209

[4,847 - 11,571]

6.1

[2.5 - 9.7]

Extremely severe AP

1.654

[0.281 - 9.750]

18.0

[4.9 - 31.1]

14,931

[9,400 - 20,461]

9.3

[3.2 - 15.4]

Charlson comorbidity index (for zero)

1.047

[0.290 - 16.624]

3.1

[-0.8 - 7.1]

771

[-901 - 2,442]

-0.5

[-2.3 - 1.3]

2.411

[0.393 - 12.869]

4.2

[-2.0 - 10.4]

2,475

[-140 - 5,090]

-1.0

[-3.7 - 1.7]

2.248

[0.836 - 6.952]

-0.3

[-11.1 - 10.6]

-880

[-5,465 - 3,704]

-2.0

[-6.7 - 2.7]

≥ 4

2.195

[0.412 - 2.659]

4.2

[-8.2 - 16.6]

807

[-4,424 - 6,038]

-0.4

[-6.0 - 5.2]

Surgical procedures for the biliary tract

Present

2.348

[0.988 - 5.581]

9.3

[4.6 - 13.9]

5,073

[3,113 - 7,034]

2.1

[0.0 - 4.2]

Surgical procedures for the pancreas

Present

0.570

[0.051 - 6.357]

48.0

[33.9 - 62.1]

19,740

[13,785 - 25,694]

28.9

[22.4 - 35.3]

Protease inhibitor

Present

8.7

[-2.0 - 19.4]

5,149

[639 - 9,659]

2.8

[-1.8 - 7.4]

Present

2.353

[1.051 - 5.268]

7.5

[4.0 - 11.1]

2,400

[902 - 3,897]

2.3

[0.7 - 3.9]

Ventilation

Present

2.240

[0.832 - 6.030]

1.9

[-6.4 - 10.3]

12,522

[8,991 - 16,053]

1.5

[-2.2 - 5.2]

Hemodialysis

Present

7.979

[2.615 - 24.350]

16.6

[9.6 - 23.7]

14,666

[11,702 - 17,630]

2.5

[-0.6 - 5.7]

Complication

Present

0.929

[0.173 - 4.984]

15.0

[5.9 - 24.0]

5,924

[2,106 - 9,742]

-0.1

[-4.2 - 4.0]

Teaching status (for community)

Academic

0.899

[0.291 - 2.780]

-1.2

[-6.9 - 4.6]

1,210

[-1,206 - 3,626]

0.4

[-2.1 - 2.9]

Goodness of model fit

0.667^a

6809.3^b

15757.2^b

5304.8^b