Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 2, Number 4, August 2009, pages 224-231


Total Enteral Nutrition Facilitates Wound Healing Through Preventing Intestinal Atrophy, Keeping Protein Anabolism and Suppressing Inflammation

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Comparison of bodyweight changes among TEN, TPN, and normal groups. Changes were calculated as bodyweight at day 28/ bodyweight at day 0 (%). Statistical difference was evaluated with Man Whitney U test.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Difference of burned area at day 0 (left panel) and day 28 (right panel) between TPN (upper) and TEN (lower).
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Changes of burned area: burned area at day 28 divided by wound area at day 0 (%) in either TPN or TEN. Statistical difference was evaluated with Man Whitney U test.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Comparison of weights of small intestine at day 28 among TPN, EN and control group. Statistical difference was evaluated with Man Whitney U test.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of jejunum obtained from TEN (left panel) and TPN (right panel).
Figure 6.
Figure 6. Comparison of ratio: length of villi divided by depth of crypt in jejunum among TPN, EN and control group. Statistical difference was evaluated with Man Whitney U test.
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Association between weight of small bowel and prices. Line and gray area are showing linear regression and 95% confidence interval, respectively.

Tables

Table 1. Components of nutrients used for TEN or TPN (/100 kcal)
 
ComponentTEN*1TPN*2
*1: Twinline® (Otsuka co. ltd, Tokyo, Japan)
*2: Unicaliq® (N) + Multamin®+ Mineralin® + Intrafat® (20%) + 20% Chorine chloride
Carbohydrate14.68 g20.59 g
LipidLCT0.812 g0.374 g
MCT1.968 g0 g
Amino acid4.05 g3.53 g
Total nitrate0.6 g0.55 g
Volume100 ml120 ml
Calorie/N176182
Calorie of non protein83.7 kcal85.9 kcal
Calorie of non protein/N140157

 

Table 2. Effects of TEN on nutrition
 
BiomarkerTEN
N = 17
TPN*2
N = 15
Control*3
N = 12
Kruskal-Wallis *1
*1: Statistical differences were calculated based on Kruskal-Wallis equality of populations rank test. Statistical significance was defined when p-value was less than 0.05.
*2: Value of TPN was compared with TEN by correcting with Bonferroni.
*3: Value of control was compared with TEN.: † p < 0.016, ‡: p < 0.005.
Medication nitrogen quantity947.8 ± 27.3881.2 ± 15.11515.7 ± 8.10.0001
Urine inside nitrogen quantity659.2 ± 63.6755.1 ± 73.2625.4 ± 42.10.0077
Feces inside nitrogen quantity62.2 ± 30.722.9 ± 8.6365.4 ± 7.1< 0.0001
Nitrogen accounts226.3 ± 87.2103.3 ± 80.7524.8 ± 34.9< 0.0001
Prices25.3 ± 9.111.9 ± 9.345.6 ± 3.3< 0.0001
Total protein (g/dl)5.4 ± 0.35.3 ± 0.44.9 ± 0.20.0004
Albumin (g/dl)1.8 ± 0.11.8 ± 0.12.2 ± 0.1< 0.0001
Transferrin (mg/ml)3.19 ± 0.413.13 ± 0.623.16 ± 0.500.0005

 

Table 3. Effects of TEN on inflammation
 
TypesBiomarkerTEN
N = 17
TPN
N = 15
Control
N = 12
Kruskal-Wallis *1
*1: Statistical differences were calculated based on Kruskal-Wallis equality of populations rank test. Statistical significance was defined when p-value was less than 0.05. *2. Two high levels of AST (2864, 2994) were included in TPN group. †: p < 0.016, ‡: p < 0.005.
ImmuneSialic acid (mg/dl)109.6 ± 12.2125.5 ± 21.575.6 ± 6.8< 0.0001
IL-4 (pg/ml)5.4 ± 8.310.6 ± 12.79.7 ± 10.6NS
IL-6 (pg/ml)2.4 ± 6.756.7 ± 91.60 ± 00.0061
IL-8 (pg/ml)193.2 ± 144.0283.5 ± 277.0122.8 ± 46.4NS
IL-10 (pg/ml)3.6 ± 9.818.2 ± 42.43.9 ± 13.4NS
TNF-α (pg/ml)1.7 ± 4.23.9 ± 4.11.3 ± 1.70.0087
Endotoxin (pg/ml)18.5 ± 6.220.1 ± 6.15.7 ± 1.50.0012
Spleen (g/100g bodyweight)0.25 ± 0.030.71 ± 0.400.22 ± 0.03< 0.0001
LiverAST (U/l)129.0 ± 42.1567.5 ± 1005.2*2327.0 ± 698.6NS
ALT (U/l)36.4 ± 9.492.1 ± 145.630.7 ± 7.5NS
Alkaliphosphatase (U/l)360.5 ± 74.4569.1 ± 222.8491 ± 109.40.0012
LAP (IU/l)54.6 ± 1.570.1 ± 25.571.6 ± 6.10.0066
Direct bilirubin (mg/dl)0.113 ± 0.0570.196 ± 0.1170.088 ± 0.0160.0018
Indirect bilirubin (mg/dl)0.015 ± 0.0140.055 ± 0.0750.030 ± 0.012NS
RenalBUN (mg/dl)18.5 ± 2.322.7 ± 4.516.4 ± 15.5< 0.0001
Cr (mg/dl)0.46 ± 0.050.55 ± 0.080.42 ± 0.05< 0.0001
MetabolismGlucose (mg/dl)157.3 ± 5.5116.8 ± 32.7141.9 ± 17.50.0004
Triglyceride (mg/dl)51.8 ± 19.623.1 ± 11.135.8 ± 17.30.0002
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)60.8 ± 11.555.5 ± 10.454.0 ± 10.8NS