Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 4, August 2021, pages 227-236

Factors Associated With Emergency Department Discharge, Outcomes and Follow-Up Rates of Stable Patients With Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

**Table 1.** Demographics and Characteristics of All Patients Presenting to the ER With Stable LGIB
	Total	Status	P-value
Data are presented as frequency (%) or median (IQR). P-value is calculated from a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for a numeric variable and a Fisher’s exact test for a categorical variable. *Statistical significance with a P-value less than 0.05. ^aChronic hepatitis or cirrhosis w/o portal hypertension. ^bCirrhosis and portal hypertension w/wo variceal bleed. LGIB: lower gastrointestinal bleeding; ED: emergency department; IQR: interquartile range; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; GIB: gastrointestinal bleeding; DM: diabetes mellitus; INR: international normalized ratio; ASA: aspirin; DOAC: direct oral anticoagulant; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; BRBPR: bright red blood per rectum; AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; TIA: transient ischemic attack.
Demographics
Age (years)	70 (51 - 80)	53 (35 - 73)	74.5 (60 - 83)	< 0.001*
Race				0.422
Asian	15 (15.5)	5 (13.5)	10 (16.7)
Black or African American	13 (13.4)	4 (10.8)	9 (15)
White	43 (44.3)	14 (37.8)	29 (48.3)
Hispanic/Latino	11 (11.3)	5 (13.5)	6 (10)
American Indian or Alaska Native	1 (1)	1 (2.7)	0 (0)
Other/unknown	14 (14.4)	8 (21.6)	6 (10)
Gender (male)	59 (60.8)	24 (64.9)	35 (58.3)	0.669
Vitals
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	134 (115 - 148)	137 (124 - 156)	131 (112.2 - 146.2)	0.079
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	76 (69 - 87)	83 (76 - 88)	73 (67 - 86)	0.003*
Heart rate (beats/min)	82 (72 - 89)	86 (75 - 92)	80 (70.8 - 88)	0.070
Labs
Hematocrit (%)	37.6 (30 - 42.1)	41.1 (38.4 - 44.6)	32.2 (24.4 - 39.4)	< 0.001*
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.5 (9.9 - 14.1)	13.9 (12.5 - 15)	10.6 (8.2 - 13)	< 0.001*
BUN (mg/dL)	20.5 (16 - 33)	17 (14 - 20.5)	23 (18 - 42.5)	< 0.001*
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1 (0.8 - 1.3)	0.9 (0.8 - 1.1)	1.1 (0.8 - 1.8)	0.008*
Albumin (g/dL)	3.6 (3.2 - 4.1)	4 (3.8 - 4.3)	3.5 (3 - 3.9)	< 0.001*
INR	1.1 (1 - 1.2)	1.1 (1 - 1.1)	1.1 (1 - 1.3)	0.144
Medications
ASA	30 (30.9)	4 (10.8)	26 (43.3)	0.001*
Plavix	4 (4.1)	0 (0)	4 (6.7)	0.294
NOAC	14 (14.4)	0 (0)	14 (23.3)	0.001*
Warfarin	5 (5.2)	1 (2.7)	4 (6.7)	0.646
NSAIDs	11 (11.5)	5 (13.5)	6 (10.2)	0.745
Comorbid conditions
Chronic kidney disease	11 (11.3)	1 (2.7)	10 (16.7)	0.047*
Congestive heart failure	9 (9.3)	0 (0)	9 (15)	0.012*
History of myocardial infarction	9 (9.3)	1 (2.7)	8 (13.3)	0.147
Peripheral vascular disease	2 (2.1)	0 (0)	2 (3.3)	0.523
CVA or TIA	9 (9.3)	2 (5.4)	7 (11.7)	0.475
Peptic ulcer disease	3 (3.1)	1 (2.7)	2 (3.3)	1
Liver disease				0.620
Mild^a	1 (1)	0 (0)	1 (1.7)
Moderate/severe^b	1 (1)	1 (2.7)	0 (0)
BRBPR vs. maroon stool	15 (15.5)	4 (10.8)	11 (18.3)	0.395
Tobacco	4 (4.1)	2 (5.4)	2 (3.3)	0.635
Syncope	6 (6.2)	0 (0)	6 (10)	0.079
Prior GIB	27 (27.8)	9 (24.3)	18 (30)	0.644
Oakland score	14 (10 - 21)	11 (10 - 13)	18.5 (12 - 22)	< 0.001*
Charlson Comorbidity Index	4 (1 - 5)	2 (0 - 3)	5 (3 - 6)	< 0.001*

Table 1. Demographics and Characteristics of All Patients Presenting to the ER With Stable LGIB

Total

Status

P-value

Discharged

Admitted

Data are presented as frequency (%) or median (IQR). P-value is calculated from a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for a numeric variable and a Fisher’s exact test for a categorical variable. *Statistical significance with a P-value less than 0.05. ^aChronic hepatitis or cirrhosis w/o portal hypertension. ^bCirrhosis and portal hypertension w/wo variceal bleed. LGIB: lower gastrointestinal bleeding; ED: emergency department; IQR: interquartile range; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; GIB: gastrointestinal bleeding; DM: diabetes mellitus; INR: international normalized ratio; ASA: aspirin; DOAC: direct oral anticoagulant; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; BRBPR: bright red blood per rectum; AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; TIA: transient ischemic attack.

Demographics

Age (years)

70 (51 - 80)

53 (35 - 73)

74.5 (60 - 83)

< 0.001*

Race

0.422

Asian

15 (15.5)

5 (13.5)

10 (16.7)

Black or African American

13 (13.4)

4 (10.8)

9 (15)

White

43 (44.3)

14 (37.8)

29 (48.3)

Hispanic/Latino

11 (11.3)

5 (13.5)

6 (10)

American Indian or Alaska Native

1 (1)

1 (2.7)

0 (0)

Other/unknown

14 (14.4)

8 (21.6)

6 (10)

Gender (male)

59 (60.8)

24 (64.9)

35 (58.3)

0.669

Vitals

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

134 (115 - 148)

137 (124 - 156)

131 (112.2 - 146.2)

0.079

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

76 (69 - 87)

83 (76 - 88)

73 (67 - 86)

0.003*

Heart rate (beats/min)

82 (72 - 89)

86 (75 - 92)

80 (70.8 - 88)

0.070

Labs

Hematocrit (%)

37.6 (30 - 42.1)

41.1 (38.4 - 44.6)

32.2 (24.4 - 39.4)

< 0.001*

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

12.5 (9.9 - 14.1)

13.9 (12.5 - 15)

10.6 (8.2 - 13)

< 0.001*

BUN (mg/dL)

20.5 (16 - 33)

17 (14 - 20.5)

23 (18 - 42.5)

< 0.001*

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1 (0.8 - 1.3)

0.9 (0.8 - 1.1)

1.1 (0.8 - 1.8)

0.008*

Albumin (g/dL)

3.6 (3.2 - 4.1)

4 (3.8 - 4.3)

3.5 (3 - 3.9)

< 0.001*

INR

1.1 (1 - 1.2)

1.1 (1 - 1.1)

1.1 (1 - 1.3)

0.144

Medications

ASA

30 (30.9)

4 (10.8)

26 (43.3)

0.001*

Plavix

4 (4.1)

0 (0)

4 (6.7)

0.294

NOAC

14 (14.4)

0 (0)

14 (23.3)

0.001*

Warfarin

5 (5.2)

1 (2.7)

4 (6.7)

0.646

NSAIDs

11 (11.5)

5 (13.5)

6 (10.2)

0.745

Comorbid conditions

Chronic kidney disease

11 (11.3)

1 (2.7)

10 (16.7)

0.047*

Congestive heart failure

9 (9.3)

0 (0)

9 (15)

0.012*

History of myocardial infarction

9 (9.3)

1 (2.7)

8 (13.3)

0.147

Peripheral vascular disease

2 (2.1)

0 (0)

2 (3.3)

0.523

CVA or TIA

9 (9.3)

2 (5.4)

7 (11.7)

0.475

Peptic ulcer disease

3 (3.1)

1 (2.7)

2 (3.3)

Liver disease

0.620

Mild^a

1 (1)

0 (0)

1 (1.7)

Moderate/severe^b

1 (1)

1 (2.7)

0 (0)

BRBPR vs. maroon stool

15 (15.5)

4 (10.8)

11 (18.3)

0.395

Tobacco

4 (4.1)

2 (5.4)

2 (3.3)

0.635

Syncope

6 (6.2)

0 (0)

6 (10)

0.079

Prior GIB

27 (27.8)

9 (24.3)

18 (30)

0.644

Oakland score

14 (10 - 21)

11 (10 - 13)

18.5 (12 - 22)

< 0.001*

Charlson Comorbidity Index

4 (1 - 5)

2 (0 - 3)

5 (3 - 6)

< 0.001*

**Table 2.** Investigation and Interventions Amongst Discharged and Admitted Patients With LGIB
	Total	Status	P-value
Data are presented as frequency (%) or median (IQR). P-value is calculated from a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for a numeric variable and a Fisher’s exact test for a categorical variable. *Statistical significance with a P-value less than 0.05. LGIB: lower gastrointestinal bleeding; GI: gastrointestinal; CTA: computed tomography angiography; EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy; APC: argon plasma coagulation.
Investigation
GI consulted	46 (47.4)	3 (8.1)	43 (71.7)	< 0.001*
CTA done	11 (11.3)	0 (0)	11 (18.3)	0.006*
CTA positive	3 (27.3)	0 (-)	3 (27.3)
Intervention
Angiography done	3 (3.1)	0 (0)	3 (5)	0.285
Angiography positive	2 (66.7)	0 (-)	2 (66.7)
EGD	13 (13.4)	0 (0)	13 (21.7)	0.001*
Colonoscopies
Colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy				0.003*
Inpatient procedure	28 (77.8)	2 (28.6)	26 (89.7)
Outpatient procedure	8 (22.2)	5 (71.4)	3 (10.3)
Localized bleeding source	15 (41.7)	1 (14.3)	14 (48.3)	0.200
Etiology of bleeding				0.207
Diverticular bleed	13 (36.1)	2 (28.6)	11 (37.9)
Hemorrhoids	7 (19.4)	4 (57.1)	3 (10.3)
Colonic ulcer	6 (16.7)	0 (0)	6 (20.7)
Angiodysplasia	3 (8.3)	0 (0)	3 (10.3)
Colitis	1 (2.8)	0 (0)	1 (3.4)
Colon cancer	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (07)
Polyps	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Postpolypectomy	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Other	1 (2.8)	0 (0)	1 (3.4)
None	5 (13.9)	1 (14.3)	4 (13.8)
Intervention with hemostasis	14 (56)	2 (50)	12 (57.1)	1
Clips placed	5 (13.9)	0 (0)	5 (17.2)	0.559
APC	3 (7.3)	0 (0)	3 (9.4)	1
Bipolar cautery	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)

Table 2. Investigation and Interventions Amongst Discharged and Admitted Patients With LGIB

Total

Status

P-value

Discharged

Admitted

Data are presented as frequency (%) or median (IQR). P-value is calculated from a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for a numeric variable and a Fisher’s exact test for a categorical variable. *Statistical significance with a P-value less than 0.05. LGIB: lower gastrointestinal bleeding; GI: gastrointestinal; CTA: computed tomography angiography; EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy; APC: argon plasma coagulation.

Investigation

GI consulted

46 (47.4)

3 (8.1)

43 (71.7)

< 0.001*

CTA done

11 (11.3)

0 (0)

11 (18.3)

0.006*

CTA positive

3 (27.3)

0 (-)

3 (27.3)

Intervention

Angiography done

3 (3.1)

0 (0)

3 (5)

0.285

Angiography positive

2 (66.7)

0 (-)

2 (66.7)

EGD

13 (13.4)

0 (0)

13 (21.7)

0.001*

Colonoscopies

Colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy

0.003*

Inpatient procedure

28 (77.8)

2 (28.6)

26 (89.7)

Outpatient procedure

8 (22.2)

5 (71.4)

3 (10.3)

Localized bleeding source

15 (41.7)

1 (14.3)

14 (48.3)

0.200

Etiology of bleeding

0.207

Diverticular bleed

13 (36.1)

2 (28.6)

11 (37.9)

Hemorrhoids

7 (19.4)

4 (57.1)

3 (10.3)

Colonic ulcer

6 (16.7)

0 (0)

6 (20.7)

Angiodysplasia

3 (8.3)

0 (0)

3 (10.3)

Colitis

1 (2.8)

0 (0)

1 (3.4)

Colon cancer

0 (0)

0 (07)

Polyps

0 (0)

Postpolypectomy

0 (0)

Other

1 (2.8)

0 (0)

1 (3.4)

None

5 (13.9)

1 (14.3)

4 (13.8)

Intervention with hemostasis

14 (56)

2 (50)

12 (57.1)

Clips placed

5 (13.9)

0 (0)

5 (17.2)

0.559

APC

3 (7.3)

0 (0)

3 (9.4)

Bipolar cautery

0 (0)

**Table 3.** Comparison of Characteristics Between Discharged Patients With LGIB That Followed Up Compared to Those Lost to Follow Up
	Total	Follow-up	P-value
Data are presented as frequency (%) or median (IQR). P-value is calculated from a Kruskal-Wallis test for a numeric variable and a Fisher’s exact test for a categorical variable. CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index.
Age	53 (35 - 73)	41.5 (30.5 - 58.8)	58 (40 - 77)	52 (34.8 - 63.5)	0.404
Age range					0.835
Under 50	16 (43.2)	5 (62.5)	5 (29.4)	6 (50)
50 - 59	7 (18.9)	1 (12.5)	4 (23.5)	2 (16.7)
60 - 69	3 (8.1)	1 (12.5)	1 (5.9)	1 (8.3)
70 - 79	6 (16.2)	0 (0)	4 (23.5)	2 (16.7)
Over 80	5 (13.5)	1 (12.5)	3 (17.6)	1 (8.3)
Race					0.341
Asian	5 (13.5)	0 (0)	1 (5.9)	4 (33.3)
Black or African American	4 (10.8)	2 (25)	2 (11.8)	0 (0)
White	14 (37.8)	3 (37.5)	7 (41.2)	4 (33.3)
Hispanic/Latino	5 (13.5)	2 (25)	2 (11.8)	1 (8.3)
American Indian or Alaska Native	1 (2.7)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (8.3)
Other/unknown	8 (21.6)	1 (12.5)	5 (29.4)	2 (16.7)
Gender (male)	24 (64.9)	5 (62.5)	12 (70.6)	7 (58.3)	0.904
CCI	2 (0 - 3)	0 (0 - 3)	3 (1 - 4)	0.5 (0 - 3)	0.131
Oakland score	11 (10 - 13)	10 (10 - 10.2)	11 (9 - 13)	11 (9.8 - 14)	0.623

Table 3. Comparison of Characteristics Between Discharged Patients With LGIB That Followed Up Compared to Those Lost to Follow Up

Total

Follow-up

P-value

Yes

Unknown

Data are presented as frequency (%) or median (IQR). P-value is calculated from a Kruskal-Wallis test for a numeric variable and a Fisher’s exact test for a categorical variable. CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index.

Age

53 (35 - 73)

41.5 (30.5 - 58.8)

58 (40 - 77)

52 (34.8 - 63.5)

0.404

Age range

0.835

Under 50

16 (43.2)

5 (62.5)

5 (29.4)

6 (50)

50 - 59

7 (18.9)

1 (12.5)

4 (23.5)

2 (16.7)

60 - 69

3 (8.1)

1 (12.5)

1 (5.9)

1 (8.3)

70 - 79

6 (16.2)

0 (0)

4 (23.5)

2 (16.7)

Over 80

5 (13.5)

1 (12.5)

3 (17.6)

1 (8.3)

Race

0.341

Asian

5 (13.5)

0 (0)

1 (5.9)

4 (33.3)

Black or African American

4 (10.8)

2 (25)

2 (11.8)

0 (0)

White

14 (37.8)

3 (37.5)

7 (41.2)

4 (33.3)

Hispanic/Latino

5 (13.5)

2 (25)

2 (11.8)

1 (8.3)

American Indian or Alaska Native

1 (2.7)

0 (0)

1 (8.3)

Other/unknown

8 (21.6)

1 (12.5)

5 (29.4)

2 (16.7)

Gender (male)

24 (64.9)

5 (62.5)

12 (70.6)

7 (58.3)

0.904

CCI

2 (0 - 3)

0 (0 - 3)

3 (1 - 4)

0.5 (0 - 3)

0.131

Oakland score

11 (10 - 13)

10 (10 - 10.2)

11 (9 - 13)

11 (9.8 - 14)

0.623

**Table 4.** Comparison of Outcomes Between Discharged and Admitted Patients With LGIB
Outcomes	Total	Status	P-value
Data are presented as frequency (%) or median (IQR). P-value is calculated from a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for a numeric variable and a Fisher’s exact test for a categorical variable. *Statistical significance with a P-value less than 0.05. LGIB: lower gastrointestinal bleeding; ICU: intensive care unit.
Patients requiring transfusions	19 (19.6)	0 (0)	19 (31.7)	< 0.001*
ICU admission	6 (6.2)	0 (0)	6 (10)	0.079
30-day re-bleeding				0.110
No	57 (58.8)	17 (45.9)	40 (66.7)
Yes	9 (9.3)	5 (13.5)	4 (6.7)
Unknown	31 (32)	15 (40.5)	16 (26.7)
30-day re-admission				0.502
No	61 (62.9)	21 (56.8)	40 (66.7)
Yes	7 (7.2)	4 (10.8)	3 (5)
Unknown	29 (29.9)	12 (32.4)	17 (28.3)
30-day all-cause mortality				0.183
No	63 (64.9)	23 (62.2)	40 (66.7)
Yes	4 (4.1)	0 (0)	4 (6.7)
Unknown	30 (30.9)	14 (37.8)	16 (26.7)
30-day bleeding-related death				0.475
No	66 (68)	23 (62.2)	43 (71.7)
Yes	1 (1)	0 (0)	1 (1.7)
Unknown	30 (30.9)	14 (37.8)	16 (26.7)
Length of stay (h)	26.4 (7.3 - 71.2)	5 (3.3 - 7.8)	53.1 (36.4 - 108.1)	< 0.001*

Table 4. Comparison of Outcomes Between Discharged and Admitted Patients With LGIB

Outcomes

Total

Status

P-value

Discharged

Admitted

Patients requiring transfusions

19 (19.6)

0 (0)

19 (31.7)

< 0.001*

ICU admission

6 (6.2)

0 (0)

6 (10)

0.079

30-day re-bleeding

0.110

57 (58.8)

17 (45.9)

40 (66.7)

Yes

9 (9.3)

5 (13.5)

4 (6.7)

Unknown

31 (32)

15 (40.5)

16 (26.7)

30-day re-admission

0.502

61 (62.9)

21 (56.8)

40 (66.7)

Yes

7 (7.2)

4 (10.8)

3 (5)

Unknown

29 (29.9)

12 (32.4)

17 (28.3)

30-day all-cause mortality

0.183

63 (64.9)

23 (62.2)

40 (66.7)

Yes

4 (4.1)

0 (0)

4 (6.7)

Unknown

30 (30.9)

14 (37.8)

16 (26.7)

30-day bleeding-related death

0.475

66 (68)

23 (62.2)

43 (71.7)

Yes

1 (1)

0 (0)

1 (1.7)

Unknown

30 (30.9)

14 (37.8)

16 (26.7)

Length of stay (h)

26.4 (7.3 - 71.2)

5 (3.3 - 7.8)

53.1 (36.4 - 108.1)

< 0.001*

**Table 5.** Association Between Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Discharge Status Among Patients With LGIB
	Unadjusted	Adjusted^a
^aAdjusted for age, race and gender. *Statistical significance with a P-value less than 0.05. LGIB: lower gastrointestinal bleeding; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; INR: international normalized ratio; ASA: aspirin; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; BRBPR: bright red blood per rectum; GIB: gastrointestinal bleeding; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Demographics
Age	0.95 (0.93 - 0.97)	< 0.001*	0.95 (0.92, 0.97)	< 0.001*
Age range
Under 50	12.27 (3.42 - 52.15)	< 0.001*	0.77 (0.01 - 66.85)	0.906
50 - 59	3.58 (0.92 - 15.13)	0.071	0.52 (0.02 - 10.96)	0.676
60 - 69	2.30 (0.39 - 12.5)	0.334	0.27 (0.01 - 4.66)	0.374
70 - 79	1.73 (0.45 - 6.94)	0.428	0.89 (0.16 - 5.18)	0.893
Race
Asian	0.37 (0.08 - 1.65)	0.202	0.85 (0.15 - 4.52)	0.845
Black or African American	0.33 (0.06 - 1.56)	0.174	0.60 (0.10 - 3.36)	0.563
White	0.36 (0.10 - 1.23)	0.107	0.58 (0.15 - 2.26)	0.430
Hispanic/Latino	0.62 (0.12 - 3.06)	0.562	0.37 (0.06 - 2.16)	0.273
Gender (male)	1.32 (0.57 - 3.13)	0.523	0.69 (0.24 - 1.92)	0.483
Vitals
Systolic blood pressure	1.01 (0.99 - 1.03)	0.164	1.02 (1 - 1.05)	0.043*
Diastolic blood pressure	1.05 (1.02 - 1.09)	0.007*	1.04 (1 - 1.09)	0.063
Heart rate	1.03 (0.99 - 1.07)	0.130	1.01 (0.96 - 1.05)	0.723
Labs
Hematocrit	1.19 (1.11 - 1.30)	< 0.001*	1.18 (1.09 - 1.30)	< 0.001*
Hemoglobin	1.64 (1.33 - 2.11)	< 0.001*	1.59 (1.26 - 2.12)	< 0.001*
BUN	0.90 (0.84 - 0.95)	0.001*	0.93 (0.87 - 0.98)	0.019*
Creatinine	0.23 (0.05 - 0.63)	0.022*	0.32 (0.06 - 0.78)	0.098
Albumin	5.64 (2.43 - 15.41)	< 0.001*	4 (1.61 - 11.87)	0.006*
INR	0.53 (0.12 - 1.37)	0.271	0.81 (0.18 - 2.26)	0.730
Medications
ASA	0.16 (0.04 - 0.46)	0.002*	0.29 (0.07 - 0.95)	0.052
Warfarin	0.39 (0.02 - 2.76)	0.407	0.67 (0.03 - 5.74)	0.740
NSAIDs	1.38 (0.37 - 4.95)	0.618	1.33 (0.28 - 5.91)	0.703
BRBPR vs. maroon stool	1.85 (0.58 - 7.13)	0.325	0.84 (0.22 - 3.66)	0.807
Tobacco	1.66 (0.19 - 14.32)	0.621	0.66 (0.05 - 7.59)	0.730
Prior GIB	0.75 (0.29 - 1.87)	0.545	0.86 (0.27 - 2.64)	0.799
Oakland score	0.78 (0.68 - 0.86)	< 0.001*	0.79 (0.68 - 0.89)	< 0.001*
Charlson Comorbidity Index	0.63 (0.5 - 0.77)	< 0.001*	0.71 (0.51 - 0.93)	0.022*

Table 5. Association Between Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Discharge Status Among Patients With LGIB

Unadjusted

Adjusted^a

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

^aAdjusted for age, race and gender. *Statistical significance with a P-value less than 0.05. LGIB: lower gastrointestinal bleeding; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; INR: international normalized ratio; ASA: aspirin; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; BRBPR: bright red blood per rectum; GIB: gastrointestinal bleeding; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Demographics

Age

0.95 (0.93 - 0.97)

< 0.001*

0.95 (0.92, 0.97)

< 0.001*

Age range

Under 50

12.27 (3.42 - 52.15)

< 0.001*

0.77 (0.01 - 66.85)

0.906

50 - 59

3.58 (0.92 - 15.13)

0.071

0.52 (0.02 - 10.96)

0.676

60 - 69

2.30 (0.39 - 12.5)

0.334

0.27 (0.01 - 4.66)

0.374

70 - 79

1.73 (0.45 - 6.94)

0.428

0.89 (0.16 - 5.18)

0.893

Race

Asian

0.37 (0.08 - 1.65)

0.202

0.85 (0.15 - 4.52)

0.845

Black or African American

0.33 (0.06 - 1.56)

0.174

0.60 (0.10 - 3.36)

0.563

White

0.36 (0.10 - 1.23)

0.107

0.58 (0.15 - 2.26)

0.430

Hispanic/Latino

0.62 (0.12 - 3.06)

0.562

0.37 (0.06 - 2.16)

0.273

Gender (male)

1.32 (0.57 - 3.13)

0.523

0.69 (0.24 - 1.92)

0.483

Vitals

Systolic blood pressure

1.01 (0.99 - 1.03)

0.164

1.02 (1 - 1.05)

0.043*

Diastolic blood pressure

1.05 (1.02 - 1.09)

0.007*

1.04 (1 - 1.09)

0.063

Heart rate

1.03 (0.99 - 1.07)

0.130

1.01 (0.96 - 1.05)

0.723

Labs

Hematocrit

1.19 (1.11 - 1.30)

< 0.001*

1.18 (1.09 - 1.30)

< 0.001*

Hemoglobin

1.64 (1.33 - 2.11)

< 0.001*

1.59 (1.26 - 2.12)

< 0.001*

BUN

0.90 (0.84 - 0.95)

0.001*

0.93 (0.87 - 0.98)

0.019*

Creatinine

0.23 (0.05 - 0.63)

0.022*

0.32 (0.06 - 0.78)

0.098

Albumin

5.64 (2.43 - 15.41)

< 0.001*

4 (1.61 - 11.87)

0.006*

INR

0.53 (0.12 - 1.37)

0.271

0.81 (0.18 - 2.26)

0.730

Medications

ASA

0.16 (0.04 - 0.46)

0.002*

0.29 (0.07 - 0.95)

0.052

Warfarin

0.39 (0.02 - 2.76)

0.407

0.67 (0.03 - 5.74)

0.740

NSAIDs

1.38 (0.37 - 4.95)

0.618

1.33 (0.28 - 5.91)

0.703

BRBPR vs. maroon stool

1.85 (0.58 - 7.13)

0.325

0.84 (0.22 - 3.66)

0.807

Tobacco

1.66 (0.19 - 14.32)

0.621

0.66 (0.05 - 7.59)

0.730

Prior GIB

0.75 (0.29 - 1.87)

0.545

0.86 (0.27 - 2.64)

0.799

Oakland score

0.78 (0.68 - 0.86)

< 0.001*

0.79 (0.68 - 0.89)

< 0.001*

Charlson Comorbidity Index

0.63 (0.5 - 0.77)

< 0.001*

0.71 (0.51 - 0.93)

0.022*