Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 3, June 2021, pages 179-183

Radiographic Hepatic Steatosis Is Not Associated With Key Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics
Covariate	Steatosis (n = 45)	No steatosis (n = 274)	P-value
*P-values highlight statistically significant findings. IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; CVD: cardiovascular disease (hypertension or coronary artery disease); NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; INR: international normalized ratio; CRP: C-reactive protein; LOS: length of stay; ICU: intensive care unit.
Age (IQR)	58 (48 - 75)	66 (55 - 74)	0.07
Female (%)	19 (42.2)	141 (51.5)	0.25
Race (%)			0.14
White/Caucasian	12 (26.7)	97 (35.4)
Black/African American	9 (20)	74 (27)
Hispanic	17 (37.8)	59 (21.5)
Other/not reported	7 (15.6)	44 (16.1)
BMI (IQR)	31.2 (26 - 35)	28 (24 - 33.1)	0.12
Type 2 diabetes (%)	23 (51.1)	115 (42)	0.26
HbA1c (IQR)	7.1 (6.9 - 9.6)	7.5 (6.4 - 9)	0.69
CVD (%)	23 (51.1)	173 (63.1)	0.12
Non-NAFLD chronic liver disease (%)	5 (11)	31 (11.3)	0.61
Cirrhosis (%)	7 (15.6)	35 (12.8)	0.63
Baseline labs (IQR)
AST (IU/L)	26 (21 - 41)	22 (17 - 36)	0.14
ALT (IU/L)	28 (17 - 45)	17 (12 - 28)	0.002*
Albumin (g/dL)	4 (3 - 4.4)	3.8 (3.4 - 4.2)	0.91
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.4 (0.2 - 0.5)	0.3 (0.2 - 0.6)	0.86
INR	1.1 (1 - 1.2)	1.1 (1 - 1.3)	0.27
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 (0.77 - 1.1)	1.1 (0.8 - 1.5)	0.003*
Admission labs (IQR)
AST (IU/L)	51.5 (27.5 - 79.5)	37 (23 - 65)	0.07
ALT (IU/L)	37 (20 - 75.5)	22 (14 - 38)	< 0.001*
Albumin (g/dL)	3.8 (3.3 - 4.2)	3.5 (3 - 3.8)	0.001*
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.4 (0.3 - 0.7)	0.4 (0.3 - 0.6)	0.46
INR	1.1 (1 - 1.3)	1.2 (1.1 - 1.4)	0.016*
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 (0.7 - 1.2)	1.2 (0.9 - 2.1)	< 0.001*
CRP (mg/L)	77.5 (28.3 - 135.6)	81.8 (33.1 - 169)	0.62
Hospital LOS (IQR, days)	6.1 (4 - 16)	9 (4 - 18)	0.59
Need for ICU (%)	11 (24.4)	88 (32.1)	0.3
Days in ICU (IQR)	16 (8 - 22.5)	8 (3 - 23)	0.46
Intubation (%)	9 (20)	62 (22.6)	0.32
Mortality (%)	3 (6.7)	45 (16.4)	0.12

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics

Covariate

Steatosis (n = 45)

No steatosis (n = 274)

P-value

*P-values highlight statistically significant findings. IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; CVD: cardiovascular disease (hypertension or coronary artery disease); NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; INR: international normalized ratio; CRP: C-reactive protein; LOS: length of stay; ICU: intensive care unit.

Age (IQR)

58 (48 - 75)

66 (55 - 74)

0.07

Female (%)

19 (42.2)

141 (51.5)

0.25

Race (%)

0.14

White/Caucasian

12 (26.7)

97 (35.4)

Black/African American

9 (20)

74 (27)

Hispanic

17 (37.8)

59 (21.5)

Other/not reported

7 (15.6)

44 (16.1)

BMI (IQR)

31.2 (26 - 35)

28 (24 - 33.1)

0.12

Type 2 diabetes (%)

23 (51.1)

115 (42)

0.26

HbA1c (IQR)

7.1 (6.9 - 9.6)

7.5 (6.4 - 9)

0.69

CVD (%)

23 (51.1)

173 (63.1)

0.12

Non-NAFLD chronic liver disease (%)

5 (11)

31 (11.3)

0.61

Cirrhosis (%)

7 (15.6)

35 (12.8)

0.63

Baseline labs (IQR)

AST (IU/L)

26 (21 - 41)

22 (17 - 36)

0.14

ALT (IU/L)

28 (17 - 45)

17 (12 - 28)

0.002*

Albumin (g/dL)

4 (3 - 4.4)

3.8 (3.4 - 4.2)

0.91

Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.4 (0.2 - 0.5)

0.3 (0.2 - 0.6)

0.86

INR

1.1 (1 - 1.2)

1.1 (1 - 1.3)

0.27

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.8 (0.77 - 1.1)

1.1 (0.8 - 1.5)

0.003*

Admission labs (IQR)

AST (IU/L)

51.5 (27.5 - 79.5)

37 (23 - 65)

0.07

ALT (IU/L)

37 (20 - 75.5)

22 (14 - 38)

< 0.001*

Albumin (g/dL)

3.8 (3.3 - 4.2)

3.5 (3 - 3.8)

0.001*

Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.4 (0.3 - 0.7)

0.4 (0.3 - 0.6)

0.46

INR

1.1 (1 - 1.3)

1.2 (1.1 - 1.4)

0.016*

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.9 (0.7 - 1.2)

1.2 (0.9 - 2.1)

< 0.001*

CRP (mg/L)

77.5 (28.3 - 135.6)

81.8 (33.1 - 169)

0.62

Hospital LOS (IQR, days)

6.1 (4 - 16)

9 (4 - 18)

0.59

Need for ICU (%)

11 (24.4)

88 (32.1)

0.3

Days in ICU (IQR)

16 (8 - 22.5)

8 (3 - 23)

0.46

Intubation (%)

9 (20)

62 (22.6)

0.32

Mortality (%)

3 (6.7)

45 (16.4)

0.12

**Table 2.** Multivariable Analysis of Outcomes
Outcome	Beta-coefficient	Odds ratio	95% CI	P-value
^aModel adjusted for HbA1c, CVD, and admission ALT level. ^bModel adjusts for HbA1c, CVD, and admission INR and creatinine. ^cModel adjusts for BMI, diabetes, CVD, non-NAFLD chronic liver disease and admission ALT. ^dModel adjusts for diabetes, admission INR and creatinine. CI: confidence interval; LOS: length of stay; ICU: intensive care unit; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; CVD: cardiovascular disease; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; INR: international normalized ratio; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
LOS	-14.37^a		-30.5 - 1.77	0.08
ICU		0.31^b	0.03 - 3.29	0.33
Intubation		0.13^c	0.02 - 1.09	0.06
Mortality		0.27^d	0.06 - 1.16	0.08

Table 2. Multivariable Analysis of Outcomes

Outcome

Beta-coefficient

Odds ratio

95% CI

P-value

^aModel adjusted for HbA1c, CVD, and admission ALT level. ^bModel adjusts for HbA1c, CVD, and admission INR and creatinine. ^cModel adjusts for BMI, diabetes, CVD, non-NAFLD chronic liver disease and admission ALT. ^dModel adjusts for diabetes, admission INR and creatinine. CI: confidence interval; LOS: length of stay; ICU: intensive care unit; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; CVD: cardiovascular disease; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; INR: international normalized ratio; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

LOS

-14.37^a

-30.5 - 1.77

0.08

ICU

0.31^b

0.03 - 3.29

0.33

Intubation

0.13^c

0.02 - 1.09

0.06

Mortality

0.27^d

0.06 - 1.16

0.08