Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 3, June 2021, pages 165-172

Incidence and Mortality Related to Gastrointestinal Bleeding, and the Effect of Tranexamic Acid on Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Figure 1. The study population. EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy; TXA: tranexamic acid; GI: gastrointestinal.

**Table 1.** Physiologic Characteristics of Patients With Endoscopically Verified Ulcer Bleeding at Arrival to Hospital (Mean and Medium Values)
	Total	TXA group	Non-TXA group
TXA: tranexamic acid; BP: blood pressure.
Female, n (%)	153 (39.5)	51 (36.7)	101 (41.1)
Male, n (%)	234 (60.5)	88 (63.3)	146 (58.9)
Mean age (range)	71.2 (14 - 97)	72.3 (23 - 97)	70.6 (14 - 93)
Mean pulse (range)	87 (43 - 140)	89 (47 - 143)	85 (43 - 140)
Mean BP (range)	127 (60 - 210)	122 (60 - 120)	130 (65 - 200)
Mean Hb (range)	101.3 (41 - 90)	93.8 (41 - 166)	105.5 (48 - 190)
Hematemesis, n (%)	123 (31.7)	58 (42)	65 (26)
Hematochezia, n (%)	63 (16.2)	30 (22)	33 (13)
Melena, n (%)	217 (56)	97 (70)	120 (48)
Abdominal pain, n (%)	84 (21.7)	17 (12)	67 (27)

Table 1. Physiologic Characteristics of Patients With Endoscopically Verified Ulcer Bleeding at Arrival to Hospital (Mean and Medium Values)

Total

TXA group

Non-TXA group

TXA: tranexamic acid; BP: blood pressure.

Female, n (%)

153 (39.5)

51 (36.7)

101 (41.1)

Male, n (%)

234 (60.5)

88 (63.3)

146 (58.9)

Mean age (range)

71.2 (14 - 97)

72.3 (23 - 97)

70.6 (14 - 93)

Mean pulse (range)

87 (43 - 140)

89 (47 - 143)

85 (43 - 140)

Mean BP (range)

127 (60 - 210)

122 (60 - 120)

130 (65 - 200)

Mean Hb (range)

101.3 (41 - 90)

93.8 (41 - 166)

105.5 (48 - 190)

Hematemesis, n (%)

123 (31.7)

58 (42)

65 (26)

Hematochezia, n (%)

63 (16.2)

30 (22)

33 (13)

Melena, n (%)

217 (56)

97 (70)

120 (48)

Abdominal pain, n (%)

84 (21.7)

17 (12)

67 (27)

**Table 2.** Medical Outcome and Specific Observations During Hospital Stay
Outcome	Total	TXA group	Non-TXA group
TXA: tranexamic acid; ICU: intensive care unit.
Re-bleeding, n	24	8 (6%)	16 (6%)
Hospital stay (in days)	4.7 (0 - 37)	4.3 (0 - 27)	4.9 (0 - 37)
ICU, n	40	24 (17%)	16 (6%)
30-day mortality	25	9 (6%)	17 (7%)
Units of blood, n (%)	162	105 (1 - 13, 76%)	57 (1 - 16, 23%)
Cardiovascular disease	145	52 (37%)	93 (38%)
Anticoagulants	189	73 (52%)	116 (47%)

Table 2. Medical Outcome and Specific Observations During Hospital Stay

Outcome

Total

TXA group

Non-TXA group

TXA: tranexamic acid; ICU: intensive care unit.

Re-bleeding, n

8 (6%)

16 (6%)

Hospital stay (in days)

4.7 (0 - 37)

4.3 (0 - 27)

4.9 (0 - 37)

ICU, n

24 (17%)

16 (6%)

30-day mortality

9 (6%)

17 (7%)

Units of blood, n (%)

162

105 (1 - 13, 76%)

57 (1 - 16, 23%)

Cardiovascular disease

145

52 (37%)

93 (38%)

Anticoagulants

189

73 (52%)

116 (47%)

**Table 3.** Multivariate Analysis of All Endoscopically Examined (Dependent Variable: TXA, N = 828)
Independent variables	Coefficient	P value	95% confidence interval
TXA: tranexamic acid; BP: blood pressure; ICU: intensive care unit.
Sex	0.059	0.077	-0.006, 0.125
Age	0.002	0.025	0.000, 0.004
Pulse	0.002	0.002	0.000, 0.004
BP	0.000	0.277	-0.001, 0.000
Hematemesis	0.115	0.001	0.044, 0.186
ICU care	0.022	0.253	-0.015, 0.060
Hospital stay (in days)	-0.009	0.003	-0.016, -0.003
Re-bleeding	0.006	0.933	-0.147, 0.160
Units of blood	0.030	0.000	0.015, 0.045

Table 3. Multivariate Analysis of All Endoscopically Examined (Dependent Variable: TXA, N = 828)

Independent variables

Coefficient

P value

95% confidence interval

TXA: tranexamic acid; BP: blood pressure; ICU: intensive care unit.

Sex

0.059

0.077

-0.006, 0.125

Age

0.002

0.025

0.000, 0.004

Pulse

0.002

0.000, 0.004

0.000

0.277

-0.001, 0.000

Hematemesis

0.115

0.001

0.044, 0.186

ICU care

0.022

0.253

-0.015, 0.060

Hospital stay (in days)

-0.009

0.003

-0.016, -0.003

Re-bleeding

0.006

0.933

-0.147, 0.160

Units of blood

0.030

0.000

0.015, 0.045

**Table 4.** Multivariate Analysis, Ulcer Patients (Dependent Variable: TXA, N = 378)
Independent variable	Coefficient	P value	95% confidence interval
TXA: tranexamic acid; BP: blood pressure; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; Hb: hemoglobin; ICU: intensive care unit.
Sex	0.009	0.840	-0.0838, 0.103
Age	0.001	0.259	-0.0013, 0.004
Pulse	0.001	0.283	-0.0010, 0.003
BP	-0.001	0.248	-0.0029, 0.000
Hematemesis	0.205	0.000	0.1017, 0.309
Hematochezia	0.211	0.001	0.0853, 0.337
Melena	0.189	0.000	0.0873, 0.290
Abdominal pain	-0.024	0.681	-0.139, 0.091
Hb	0.000	0.750	-0.002, 0.001
Cardiovascular disease	-0.060	0.218	-0.157, 0.036
PPI	0.286	0.000	0.185, 0.388
Units of blood	0.010	0.383	-0.013, 0.035
Re-bleeding	-0.122	0.204	-0.311, 0.066
Hospital stay days	-0.005	0.306	-0.014, 0.004
ICU care	0.135	0.091	-0.021, 0.292
30-day mortality	-0.055	0.552	-0.239, 0.128

Table 4. Multivariate Analysis, Ulcer Patients (Dependent Variable: TXA, N = 378)

Independent variable

Coefficient

P value

95% confidence interval

TXA: tranexamic acid; BP: blood pressure; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; Hb: hemoglobin; ICU: intensive care unit.

Sex

0.009

0.840

-0.0838, 0.103

Age

0.001

0.259

-0.0013, 0.004

Pulse

0.001

0.283

-0.0010, 0.003

-0.001

0.248

-0.0029, 0.000

Hematemesis

0.205

0.000

0.1017, 0.309

Hematochezia

0.211

0.001

0.0853, 0.337

Melena

0.189

0.000

0.0873, 0.290

Abdominal pain

-0.024

0.681

-0.139, 0.091

0.000

0.750

-0.002, 0.001

Cardiovascular disease

-0.060

0.218

-0.157, 0.036

PPI

0.286

0.000

0.185, 0.388

Units of blood

0.010

0.383

-0.013, 0.035

Re-bleeding

-0.122

0.204

-0.311, 0.066

Hospital stay days

-0.005

0.306

-0.014, 0.004

ICU care

0.135

0.091

-0.021, 0.292

30-day mortality

-0.055

0.552

-0.239, 0.128