Gastroenterol Res

Gastroenterology Research, ISSN 1918-2805 print, 1918-2813 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Gastroenterol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.gastrores.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 4, August 2018, pages 280-289

Profile of Gut Hormones, Pancreatic Hormones and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in New Zealand Maori

**Table 1.** Baseline Participant Characteristics
	Total	Maori	Non-Maori	P
Data presented as median (interquartile range) or count values.
No. of patients	93	8	85	0.372
Age, years	53 (42 - 65)	52 (47 - 64)	53 (42 - 65)	0.978
Sex
Male	57	4	53	0.372
Female	36	4	32
Smoking status				0.339
Smoker	69	5	64
Non-smoker	24	3	21
Exercise				0.548
Yes	61	2	59
No	32	6	26
Body mass index, kg/m²	27.5 (24.6 - 30.8)	30.6 (26.1 - 38.0)	27.4 (24.4 - 30.6)	0.117
Diabetes mellitus				0.205
Yes	10	2	8
No	83	6	77
Etiology				0.465
Biliary	43	3	40
Alcohol	21	1	20
Other	29	4	25
Recurrence				0.452
Yes	28	3	25
No	65	5	60
Severity				0.562
Mild	73	6	67
Moderate	14	2	12
Severe/critical	6	0	6

Table 1. Baseline Participant Characteristics

Total

Maori

Non-Maori

Data presented as median (interquartile range) or count values.

No. of patients

0.372

Age, years

53 (42 - 65)

52 (47 - 64)

53 (42 - 65)

0.978

Sex

Male

0.372

Female

Smoking status

0.339

Smoker

Non-smoker

Exercise

0.548

Yes

Body mass index, kg/m²

27.5 (24.6 - 30.8)

30.6 (26.1 - 38.0)

27.4 (24.4 - 30.6)

0.117

Diabetes mellitus

0.205

Yes

Etiology

0.465

Biliary

Alcohol

Other

Recurrence

0.452

Yes

Severity

0.562

Mild

Moderate

Severe/critical

**Table 2.** Gut Hormones in Maori Versus Non-Maori
Gut hormones	Model	Regression coefficient (β)	OR	95% CI	P
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. OR indicate membership to Maori. Model 1 for all gut hormones was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 for all gut hormones was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI and diabetes mellitus. Model 3 for all gut hormones was adjusted for etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity. Model 4 for all gut hormones was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI, diabetes mellitus, etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity.
Cholecystokinin	Unadjusted	0.846	2.331	0.448	12.126	0.314
1	0.836	2.308	0.446	11.943	0.319
2	0.643	1.903	0.351	10.333	0.456
3	0.606	1.833	0.307	10.934	0.506
4	0.362	1.437	0.186	11.081	0.728
Ghrelin	Unadjusted	0.075	1.078	1.022	1.136	0.005
1	0.075	1.078	1.021	1.138	0.007
2	0.088	1.092	1.023	1.166	0.008
3	0.079	1.082	1.012	1.157	0.021
4	0.105	1.111	1.012	1.219	0.027
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide	Unadjusted	0.005	1.005	0.995	1.014	0.354
1	0.005	1.005	0.995	1.015	0.299
2	0.005	1.005	0.994	1.017	0.371
3	0.004	1.004	0.993	1.014	0.505
4	0.009	1.009	0.995	1.023	0.229
Glicentin	Unadjusted	0.077	1.080	1.017	1.148	0.013
1	0.081	1.084	1.018	1.155	0.012
2	0.099	1.104	1.011	1.206	0.027
3	0.076	1.079	1.009	1.153	0.027
4	0.083	1.086	0.983	1.200	0.103
Glucagon-like peptide-1	Unadjusted	0.211	1.235	0.937	1.629	0.135
1	0.223	1.250	0.922	1.694	0.151
2	0.221	1.247	0.894	1.740	0.193
3	0.283	1.327	0.956	1.843	0.091
4	0.415	1.515	0.962	2.387	0.073
Glucagon-like peptide-2	Unadjusted	0.086	1.090	0.969	1.226	0.152
1	0.081	1.084	0.964	1.220	0.178
2	0.083	1.086	0.946	1.247	0.241
3	0.089	1.093	0.957	1.248	0.191
4	0.099	1.104	0.901	1.353	0.341
Oxyntomodulin	Unadjusted	-0.015	0.986	0.913	1.044	0.618
1	-0.015	0.985	0.930	1.043	0.606
2	-0.022	0.978	0.921	1.038	0.466
3	-0.033	0.967	0.911	1.027	0.279
4	-0.042	0.959	0.895	1.028	0.238
Peptide YY	Unadjusted	0.003	1.003	0.997	1.009	0.292
1	0.004	1.004	0.998	1.010	0.226
2	0.004	1.004	0.998	1.011	0.217
3	0.005	1.005	0.998	1.011	0.137
4	0.006	1.006	0.999	1.013	0.111
Secretin	Unadjusted	2.841	17.132	0.243	1208.835	0.191
1	2.871	17.663	0.252	1238.300	0.185
2	3.511	33.480	0.275	4071.267	0.152
3	1.286	3.618	0.031	427.932	0.597
4	3.233	25.343	0.064	10080.329	0.290

Table 2. Gut Hormones in Maori Versus Non-Maori

Gut hormones

Model

Regression coefficient (β)

95% CI

Lower

Upper

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. OR indicate membership to Maori. Model 1 for all gut hormones was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 for all gut hormones was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI and diabetes mellitus. Model 3 for all gut hormones was adjusted for etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity. Model 4 for all gut hormones was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI, diabetes mellitus, etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity.

Cholecystokinin

Unadjusted

0.846

2.331

0.448

12.126

0.314

0.836

2.308

0.446

11.943

0.319

0.643

1.903

0.351

10.333

0.456

0.606

1.833

0.307

10.934

0.506

0.362

1.437

0.186

11.081

0.728

Ghrelin

Unadjusted

0.075

1.078

1.022

1.136

0.005

0.075

1.078

1.021

1.138

0.007

0.088

1.092

1.023

1.166

0.008

0.079

1.082

1.012

1.157

0.021

0.105

1.111

1.012

1.219

0.027

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

Unadjusted

0.005

1.005

0.995

1.014

0.354

0.005

1.005

0.995

1.015

0.299

0.005

1.005

0.994

1.017

0.371

0.004

1.004

0.993

1.014

0.505

0.009

1.009

0.995

1.023

0.229

Glicentin

Unadjusted

0.077

1.080

1.017

1.148

0.013

0.081

1.084

1.018

1.155

0.012

0.099

1.104

1.011

1.206

0.027

0.076

1.079

1.009

1.153

0.027

0.083

1.086

0.983

1.200

0.103

Glucagon-like peptide-1

Unadjusted

0.211

1.235

0.937

1.629

0.135

0.223

1.250

0.922

1.694

0.151

0.221

1.247

0.894

1.740

0.193

0.283

1.327

0.956

1.843

0.091

0.415

1.515

0.962

2.387

0.073

Glucagon-like peptide-2

Unadjusted

0.086

1.090

0.969

1.226

0.152

0.081

1.084

0.964

1.220

0.178

0.083

1.086

0.946

1.247

0.241

0.089

1.093

0.957

1.248

0.191

0.099

1.104

0.901

1.353

0.341

Oxyntomodulin

Unadjusted

-0.015

0.986

0.913

1.044

0.618

-0.015

0.985

0.930

1.043

0.606

-0.022

0.978

0.921

1.038

0.466

-0.033

0.967

0.911

1.027

0.279

-0.042

0.959

0.895

1.028

0.238

Peptide YY

Unadjusted

0.003

1.003

0.997

1.009

0.292

0.004

1.004

0.998

1.010

0.226

0.004

1.004

0.998

1.011

0.217

0.005

1.005

0.998

1.011

0.137

0.006

1.006

0.999

1.013

0.111

Secretin

Unadjusted

2.841

17.132

0.243

1208.835

0.191

2.871

17.663

0.252

1238.300

0.185

3.511

33.480

0.275

4071.267

0.152

1.286

3.618

0.031

427.932

0.597

3.233

25.343

0.064

10080.329

0.290

**Table 3.** Pancreatic Hormones in Maori Versus Non-Maori
Pancreatic hormone	Model	Regression coefficient (β)	OR	95% CI	P
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. OR indicate for membership to Maori. Model 1 for all pancreatic hormones was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 for all pancreatic hormones was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI and diabetes mellitus. Model 3 for all pancreatic hormones was adjusted for etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity. Model 4 for all pancreatic hormones was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI, diabetes mellitus, etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity. C-peptide values were log₁₀ transformed.
Amylin	Unadjusted	-0.378	0.685	0.375	1.252	0.219
1	-0.388	0.678	0.363	1.267	0.223
2	-0.934	0.393	0.157	0.985	0.046
3	-0.432	0.649	0.319	1.323	0.234
4	-1.451	0.234	0.059	0.937	0.040
C-peptide	Unadjusted	-0.476	0.621	0.083	4.656	0.643
1	-0.595	0.551	0.063	4.799	0.590
2	-0.593	0.553	0.054	5.632	0.617
3	-0.782	0.457	0.043	4.860	0.516
4	-3.209	0.040	0.001	2.327	0.121
Glucagon	Unadjusted	-0.001	0.999	0.983	1.016	0.900
1	-0.001	0.999	0.982	1.017	0.926
2	-0.001	0.999	0.980	1.019	0.929
3	-0.003	0.997	0.978	1.016	0.731
4	-0.002	0.998	0.976	1.021	0.869
Insulin	Unadjusted	0.006	1.006	0.996	1.017	0.248
1	0.006	1.006	0.996	1.016	0.231
2	0.004	1.004	0.989	1.020	0.619
3	0.010	1.011	0.993	1.029	0.246
4	0.006	1.006	0.985	1.027	0.593
Pancreatic polypeptide	Unadjusted	0.011	1.011	1.003	1.018	0.004
1	0.011	1.011	1.004	1.018	0.003
2	0.011	1.011	1.003	1.019	0.007
3	0.011	1.011	1.003	1.019	0.008
4	0.013	1.013	1.002	1.025	0.024
Somatostatin	Unadjusted	1.394	4.031	0.443	36.648	0.216
1	1.386	4.001	0.438	36.558	0.219
2	1.750	5.753	0.535	61.834	0.149
3	2.189	8.926	0.555	143.507	0.122
4	3.268	26.253	0.683	1009.537	0.079

Table 3. Pancreatic Hormones in Maori Versus Non-Maori

Pancreatic hormone

Model

Regression coefficient (β)

95% CI

Lower

Upper

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. OR indicate for membership to Maori. Model 1 for all pancreatic hormones was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 for all pancreatic hormones was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI and diabetes mellitus. Model 3 for all pancreatic hormones was adjusted for etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity. Model 4 for all pancreatic hormones was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI, diabetes mellitus, etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity. C-peptide values were log₁₀ transformed.

Amylin

Unadjusted

-0.378

0.685

0.375

1.252

0.219

-0.388

0.678

0.363

1.267

0.223

-0.934

0.393

0.157

0.985

0.046

-0.432

0.649

0.319

1.323

0.234

-1.451

0.234

0.059

0.937

0.040

C-peptide

Unadjusted

-0.476

0.621

0.083

4.656

0.643

-0.595

0.551

0.063

4.799

0.590

-0.593

0.553

0.054

5.632

0.617

-0.782

0.457

0.043

4.860

0.516

-3.209

0.040

0.001

2.327

0.121

Glucagon

Unadjusted

-0.001

0.999

0.983

1.016

0.900

-0.001

0.999

0.982

1.017

0.926

-0.001

0.999

0.980

1.019

0.929

-0.003

0.997

0.978

1.016

0.731

-0.002

0.998

0.976

1.021

0.869

Insulin

Unadjusted

0.006

1.006

0.996

1.017

0.248

0.006

1.006

0.996

1.016

0.231

0.004

1.004

0.989

1.020

0.619

0.010

1.011

0.993

1.029

0.246

0.006

1.006

0.985

1.027

0.593

Pancreatic polypeptide

Unadjusted

0.011

1.011

1.003

1.018

0.004

0.011

1.011

1.004

1.018

0.003

0.011

1.011

1.003

1.019

0.007

0.011

1.011

1.003

1.019

0.008

0.013

1.013

1.002

1.025

0.024

Somatostatin

Unadjusted

1.394

4.031

0.443

36.648

0.216

1.386

4.001

0.438

36.558

0.219

1.750

5.753

0.535

61.834

0.149

2.189

8.926

0.555

143.507

0.122

3.268

26.253

0.683

1009.537

0.079

**Table 4.** Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Maori Versus Non-Maori
Cytokies	Model	Regression coefficient (β)	OR	95% CI	P
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. OR indicate membership to Maori. Model 1 for all cytokines was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 for all cytokines was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI and diabetes mellitus. Model 3 for all cytokines was adjusted for etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity. Model 4 for all cytokines was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI, diabetes mellitus, etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity.
Interleukin-6	Unadjusted	0.110	1.117	1.012	1.233	0.029
1	0.199	1.220	1.048	1.422	0.011
2	0.197	1.218	1.031	1.438	0.020
3	0.208	1.231	1.046	1.448	0.012
4	0.228	1.256	1.016	1.554	0.035
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1	Unadjusted	0.005	1.005	0.997	1.014	0.227
1	0.007	1.007	0.998	1.017	0.134
2	0.008	1.008	0.998	1.019	0.117
3	0.005	1.005	0.997	1.014	0.223
4	0.012	1.012	0.999	1.026	0.070
Tumour necrosis factor-α	Unadjusted	0.084	1.088	0.945	1.253	0.242
1	0.096	1.101	0.954	1.271	0.189
2	0.084	1.088	0.929	1.273	0.294
3	0.100	1.105	0.936	1.304	0.239
4	0.186	1.204	0.963	1.506	0.103

Table 4. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Maori Versus Non-Maori

Cytokies

Model

Regression coefficient (β)

95% CI

Lower

Upper

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. OR indicate membership to Maori. Model 1 for all cytokines was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 for all cytokines was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI and diabetes mellitus. Model 3 for all cytokines was adjusted for etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity. Model 4 for all cytokines was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI, diabetes mellitus, etiology, recurrence, time since pancreatitis and severity.

Interleukin-6

Unadjusted

0.110

1.117

1.012

1.233

0.029

0.199

1.220

1.048

1.422

0.011

0.197

1.218

1.031

1.438

0.020

0.208

1.231

1.046

1.448

0.012

0.228

1.256

1.016

1.554

0.035

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

Unadjusted

0.005

1.005

0.997

1.014

0.227

0.007

1.007

0.998

1.017

0.134

0.008

1.008

0.998

1.019

0.117

0.005

1.005

0.997

1.014

0.223

0.012

1.012

0.999

1.026

0.070

Tumour necrosis factor-α

Unadjusted

0.084

1.088

0.945

1.253

0.242

0.096

1.101

0.954

1.271

0.189

0.084

1.088

0.929

1.273

0.294

0.100

1.105

0.936

1.304

0.239

0.186

1.204

0.963

1.506

0.103